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American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®
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*Breathing Problems
*Cancer
*Palliative Care
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Opioids, respiratory function, and dyspnea

Susan B. LeGrand, MD, FACP

The Harry R. Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio

Elias A. Khawam, MD

The Harry R. Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio

Declan Walsh, MSc, FACP, FRCP (Edin)

The Harry R. Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio

Nilo I. Rivera, MD

The Harry R. Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio

Dyspnea, the sensation of difficult breathing, is a common debilitating symptom in advanced cancer and chronic progressive cardiopulmonary disease. Primary treatment is correction of the underlying etiology. In incurable illness wherein the cause is irreversible and the goal is palliation, opioids are the drugs of choice for symptomatic relief. This article reviews current knowledge in the pathophysiology of dyspnea, proposed opioid mechanism of action, and evidence of efficacy.

Key Words: cancer • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • dyspnea • opioids • palliative care • respiration

American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®, Vol. 20, No. 1, 57-61 (2003)
DOI: 10.1177/104990910302000113
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